2.3 Investments in Joint Ventures and Associates A joint venture is a joint arrangement whereby the Group and other parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the net assets of the joint arrangement. Joint control is the contractually agreed sharing of control of an arrangement, which exists when the strategic, financial and operating decisions relating to the activities of the joint venture require the unanimous consent of the parties sharing control. An associate is an entity over which the Group has significant influence and that is neither a subsidiary nor an interest in a joint venture. Significant influence is the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee but is not control or joint control over those policies. The results and assets and liabilities of joint ventures and associates are incorporated in the consolidated financial statements using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method, an investment in a joint venture or an associate is initially recognised at cost and adjusted thereafter to recognise the Group’s share of the income statement and the other comprehensive income of the joint venture or associate. Adjustments are made where necessary to bring the accounting policies in line with those adopted by the Group. Unrealised gains and losses on transactions between the Group and a jointly controlled entity or an associate are eliminated to the extent of the Group’s interest in the joint arrangement or associate. 2.4 Foreign Currency Valuation 2.4.1 Functional and presentation currency Items included in the financial statements of each entity in the Group are measured using the functional currency of that entity. The functional currency is normally the one in which the entity primarily generates and expends cash. The consolidated financial statements are presented in millions of Swiss francs (CHF), the Swiss franc being the Group’s presentation currency. 2.4.2 Transactions and balances Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing on the dates of the transactions, or using a rate that approximates the exchange rates on the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation at the reporting period-end rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognised in other financial income (expense), net, except for: – Exchange differences recognised in other comprehensive income as qualifying cash flow hedges on certain foreign currency risks and qualifying net investment hedges; – Exchange differences on monetary items to a foreign operation for which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur, therefore forming part of the net investment in the foreign operation, which are recognised initially in other comprehensive income and reclassified from equity to the income statement on disposal of the net investment or on partial disposal when there is a loss of control of subsidiary or a loss of joint control over a jointly controlled entity; and – Exchange differences on foreign currency borrowings relating to assets under construction which are included in the cost of those assets when they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs on those foreign currency borrowings. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in foreign currencies are not retranslated. 2.4.3 Translation of the financial statements of foreign subsidiaries For the purpose of presenting consolidated financial statements, the assets and liabilities of Group companies reporting in currencies other than Swiss francs (foreign operations) are translated into Swiss francs using exchange rates prevailing at the end of the reporting period. Cash flows, income and expenses items of Group companies are translated each month independently at the average exchange rates for the period when it is considered a reasonable approximation of the underlying transaction rate. All resulting exchange differences are recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity. 2.4.4 Hyperinflationary economies Restatement of financial statements is required for subsidiaries whose functional currencies have experienced a cumulative inflation rate of more than 100% over the past three years. The gain or loss on the net monetary position as well as the gain or loss incurred upon adjusting the carrying amounts of non-monetary assets and liabilities for inflation are recognised in the consolidated income statement and then translated into Swiss francs. Restatement to current units of currency is made using the change in a general price index. 48 Givaudan — 2021 Governance, Compensation and Financial Report Governance Report Compensation Report Consolidated Financial Report Statutory Financial Report Appendix Notes to the consolidated financial statements