2.12.1 Financial assets at fair value through the income statement Financial assets such as debt instruments, equity securities, investment funds and derivatives not designated as effective hedging instruments are classified in this category. Debt instruments are held with the objective to manage cash flows by both collecting their contractual cash flows and selling them at market price when needed. The main purpose of such instruments is to fund obligations related to employees. They are designated as financial assets measured at fair value through the income statement to avoid recognition inconsistency resulting from changes in fair values of the financial assets and the obligations. Other financial assets which are not debt instruments are held with the main objectives to participate in long-term partnerships, to hedge certain financial risks, and to fund obligations related to employees. Their designation as financial assets measured at fair value through the income statement is in line with management intentions to hold such assets. These financial assets are initially measured at fair value whereas directly attributable transaction costs are expensed in the income statement. At the end of each period, the carrying value is adjusted to the fair value with a corresponding entry in the income statement until the investment is derecognised. The subsidiaries in the United States of America entered over the years into various life insurance contracts called corporate owned life insurance (COLI) to fund long-term obligations related to employees. For both the COLI contracts and the associated long-term obligations, adjustments to the fair value, gains and losses, are recognised in the income statement. For quoted equity instruments, the fair value is the market value, being calculated by reference to share exchange quoted selling prices at close of business on the statement of financial position date. Non-quoted financial assets are valued at fair value based on observable market transactions or if not available based on prices given by reputable financial institutions or on the price of the latest transaction. 2.12.2 Financial assets at amortised cost Trade receivables are the only financial assets that are initially recognised at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost. They reach the objective of collecting contractual cash flows over their life. Trade receivables are carried at amortised cost less allowances for loss. They generally do not contain a significant financing component. The allowance loss measurement is then determined by applying a simplified approach equalling the lifetime expected credit losses. Under this approach the tracking of changes in credit risk is not required but instead the base lifetime expected credit loss at all times is applied. An allowance for loss is estimated using a provision matrix that takes into account both the outstanding amounts and the risk category of the debtor, which is based on past default experience, specific factors to debtors and reasonable and supportable information about future economic conditions. Losses are recorded within selling, marketing and distribution expenses in the income statement. Trade receivables are deemed as impaired when there is an indication of significant financial difficulties of the debtor (delinquency in or default on payments occurs, probability of bankruptcy or need for financial reorganisation). Trade receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. 2.13 Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities Most derivative instruments are entered into to provide economic hedges. They are initially recognised at fair value on the date a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently measured at their fair value. The method to recognise the resulting gain or loss depends on whether the derivative is designated as a hedging instrument and, if so, the nature of the item being hedged. The Group documents, at the inception of the transaction, the relationship between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk management objectives and strategy for undertaking various hedging transactions. The Group also documents its assessment, both at hedge inception and on an ongoing basis, as to whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of hedged items. Movements on the hedging reserve in shareholders’ equity are shown in the statement of changes in equity. These derivatives are presented as current or non-current on the basis of their settlement dates. 2.13.1 Cash flow hedge The effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges is recognised in the cash flow hedge reserve within other comprehensive income, limited to the cumulative change in fair value of the hedged item on a present value 52 Givaudan — 2021 Governance, Compensation and Financial Report Governance Report Compensation Report Consolidated Financial Report Statutory Financial Report Appendix Notes to the consolidated financial statements